各位小伙伴,您是否在蛋白免疫印記時(shí),面對(duì)各種內(nèi)參抗體而不知所措呢,內(nèi)參蛋白是生物體內(nèi)管家基因編碼的,在多組織中穩(wěn)定表達(dá),用于驗(yàn)證免疫學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中是否正常進(jìn)行和一種半定量檢測(cè)蛋白表達(dá)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)照,那么如何正確的選擇內(nèi)參抗體呢!可以從以下幾點(diǎn)去參考。
一、樣本種屬來源
1. 哺乳動(dòng)物組織或著細(xì)胞來源的樣本,一般選擇β-actin、α-tubulin、GAPDH、Lamin- B、Histone H3、Na+/K+-ATPase。
2. 植物來源樣本,一般選擇plant actin、Rubisco等。
3.其他研究較稀少的樣本,通過查詢相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)或數(shù)據(jù)庫,選擇合適的蛋白作為內(nèi)參。
二、目的蛋白分子量
保證目的蛋白分子量與內(nèi)參相差大于5KDa以上,防止檢測(cè)時(shí)干擾,例如,目的蛋白為40KDa,不宜選擇β-actin(42KDa)作內(nèi)參,可考慮GAPDH (36KDa) 或者β-tubulin(55KDa)作為內(nèi)參。
三、內(nèi)參蛋白表達(dá)部位
因此,提取蛋白的部位不同,選擇的內(nèi)參蛋白也不同。比如有時(shí)胞質(zhì)、胞核分開提取而不提取總蛋白時(shí),就要選擇相應(yīng)部位表達(dá)的內(nèi)參蛋白。如 H3在細(xì)胞核中高效穩(wěn)定表達(dá),理論上在細(xì)胞質(zhì)不表達(dá),那么對(duì)于胞質(zhì)提取的蛋白,就不能選用H3作為內(nèi)參蛋白,而應(yīng)該選擇細(xì)胞質(zhì)中表達(dá)的β-actin 、GAPDH α-Tubulin等作為內(nèi)參蛋白。(內(nèi)參評(píng)價(jià)推薦軟件geNorm、NormFinder)

亞細(xì)胞定位 |
內(nèi)參 |
分子量KDa |
注意事項(xiàng) |
胞漿、全細(xì)胞 |
β-actin |
42 |
不適用于細(xì)胞核提取物,因?yàn)?beta;-actin是染色質(zhì)重塑復(fù)合物中的組分;可能不適合于研究對(duì)象之間年齡差異大的情況 |
α-Tubulin |
55 |
可能不適合于研究對(duì)象之間年齡差異大的情況,微管蛋白的表達(dá)隨著抗菌和抗有絲分裂抗性藥物而改變,因此在加入抗癌和抗真菌藥物時(shí) |
|
β-Tubulin |
55 |
||
GAPDH |
36 |
組織細(xì)胞缺氧會(huì)引起GAPDH表達(dá)上調(diào),因此不適用于與氧有關(guān)的研究,糖尿病等因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致 GAPDH的表達(dá)量增高 |
|
Vinculin |
117 |
大分子量蛋白可參考 |
|
線粒體 |
COXIV 系列 |
15-17 |
該系列蛋白主要集中于15-17KDa,如果目標(biāo)蛋白分子量接近,可考慮其他內(nèi)參 |
HSP60 |
60 |
||
細(xì)胞核 |
VDAC1/2 |
31-37 |
該系列蛋白主要集中于31-37KDa |
Lamin B1 |
66 |
不是適用于胚胎干細(xì)胞,凋亡實(shí)驗(yàn)中不適合做內(nèi)參 |
|
PCNA |
36 |
非增值細(xì)胞不適用 |
|
TBP |
33-43 |
TBP在人類中是37-43KDa,在小鼠和大鼠中是33-36KDa,不適合凋亡實(shí)驗(yàn) |
|
YY1 |
65-70 |
||
Histone H3 |
17 |
多數(shù)蛋白分子量在17KDa左右,如果目標(biāo)蛋白分子量接近,可考慮其他內(nèi)參 |
|
全血、血清、血漿 |
Transferrin |
77 |
表達(dá)狀況受某些疾病狀態(tài)和治療的影響,比如視黃酸 |
Albumin |
66 |
含量極高,注意降低WB實(shí)驗(yàn)上樣 |
內(nèi)參抗體 |
||||
亞細(xì)胞定位 |
產(chǎn)品貨號(hào) |
產(chǎn)品名稱 |
反應(yīng)種屬 |
應(yīng)用 |
胞漿、全細(xì)胞 |
GAPDH (Clone:1A6), Mouse mAb |
Human,Monkey,Rat,Mouse等 |
WB |
|
GAPDH, Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB,IHC-P,ICC/IF,IP,FC |
||
HRP-conjugated GAPDH (Clone:1A6), Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ELISA |
||
β-actin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Monkey等 |
WB |
||
β-actin, Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,ICC/IF |
||
HRP-conjugated β-actin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Monkey等 |
WB |
||
α-Tubulin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
IF,WB,IHC,IP |
||
β-Tubulin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB, IHC-F/IHC-P, IF/ICC, ELISA |
||
β-Tubulin, Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC |
||
HRP-conjugated β-Tubulin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
||
Vinculin Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB, IHC-P |
||
線粒體 |
COXIV Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB,IHC,FC,IP |
|
31485ES |
Hsp60 Rabbit mAb |
Human, Mouse,Rat |
WB, IHC-P |
|
細(xì)胞核 |
VDAC1 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rabbit |
WB, IHC |
|
Lamin B1 Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse, Rat |
WB IP IF IHC |
||
PCNA Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB IHC ICC IP |
||
Histone-H3 Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB IHC ICC IP |
||
全血、血清、血漿 |
Transferrin Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB IHC ELISA |
|
Human Serum Albumin Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB ELISA |
文獻(xiàn)引用:
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IF(6.228)
[2] Wang T, Wang J, Wang J, et al. HAP1 is an in vivo UBE3A target that augments autophagy in a mouse model of Angelman syndrome[J]. Neurobiology of disease, 2019, 132: 104585. 30101 IF 5.36
[3] Peng RR, Wang LL, Gao WY, et al. The 5.8S pre-rRNA maturation factor, M-phase phosphoprotein 6, is a female fertility factor required for oocyte quality and meiosis. Cell Prolif. 2020;53(3):e12769.
GAPDH IF: 5.753
[4] Tan K S, Zhang Y, Liu L, et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of an atypical butyrylcholinesterase-like protein in zebrafish[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2021: 110590. Flag-Tag (DYKDDDDK), mouse 30503ES20
[5] Zhuang W, Yan Z. The S2–S3 Loop of Kv7. 4 Channels Is Essential for Calmodulin Regulation of Channel Activation[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2020, 11. 30601ES20
[6] Wang Y, Hou Y, Qiu J, et al. Abscisic acid promotes jasmonic acid biosynthesis via a ‘SAPK10 ‐bZIP72‐AOC’pathway to synergistically inhibit seed germination in rice (Oryza sativa)[J]. The New Phytologist, 2020, 228(4): 1336. GST\HIS\GFP coip
[7] S Chen, et al. Novel Role for Tranilast in Regulating NLRP 3 Ubiquitination, Vascular Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis JAHA. June 16, 2020 Vol 9, Issue 12 αTUBULIN
[8] Wu L, Gao A, Lei Y, Li J, Mai K, Ye J. SHP1 tyrosine phosphatase gets involved in host defense against Streptococcus agalactiae infection and BCR signaling pathway in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2020;99:562-571. β-actin
[9] Wu F, Xu K, Xu K, et al. Dl-3n-butylphthalide improves traumatic brain injury recovery via inhibiting autophagy-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and cell apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(2):1220-1232.GAPDH
[10] Liu X , Sun T , Ge Q , et al. Construction of Novel Bispecific Single-Domain Antibodies (BiSdAbs) with Potent Antiangiogenic Activities[J]. 2020. GAPDH rabbit antibody