細(xì)胞增殖是生物體生長、發(fā)育、繁殖和遺傳的基礎(chǔ),是生物體的重要生命特征。細(xì)胞通常以分裂的方式進行增殖。細(xì)胞毒性(cytotoxic)是由細(xì)胞或化學(xué)物質(zhì)引起的單純細(xì)胞殺傷事件,不依賴于凋亡或壞死的細(xì)胞死亡機理。
根據(jù)您實驗室現(xiàn)有的實驗條件,可選擇使用多功能酶標(biāo)儀的化學(xué)發(fā)光發(fā)檢測,也可選擇利用熒光顯微鏡或者流式細(xì)胞儀的檢測。最常見的細(xì)胞增殖和毒性的檢測方法有以下幾種:
MTT是一種黃色染料,已經(jīng)普遍用于細(xì)胞增殖與毒性檢測。檢測的原理在于:MTT是一種可接受氫離子的化合物染料,帶正電荷,具有細(xì)胞膜滲透性?;罴?xì)胞線粒體中的琥珀酸脫氫酶能夠?qū)⑼庠催M入的MTT還原成為水不溶性的深藍(lán)色MTT-甲臜結(jié)晶,而死細(xì)胞不具有此功能。
CCK-8檢測應(yīng)該是目前應(yīng)用得比較廣泛得一種細(xì)胞毒性與增殖檢測方法。CCK-8是Cell Counting Kit-8的簡稱,是一種基于WST-8(化學(xué)名:2-(2-甲氧基-4-硝苯基)-3-(4-硝苯基)-5-(2,4-二磺基苯)-2H-四唑單鈉鹽)的廣泛應(yīng)用于細(xì)胞增殖和細(xì)胞毒性的快速高靈敏度檢測試劑盒。WST-8屬于MTT的升級產(chǎn)品,工作原理為:在電子耦合試劑存在的情況下,可以被線粒體內(nèi)的脫氫酶還原生成高度水溶性的橙黃色的甲臜產(chǎn)物(formazan)。顏色的深淺與細(xì)胞的增殖成正比,與細(xì)胞毒性成反比。使用酶標(biāo)儀在450nm波長處測定OD值,間接反映活細(xì)胞數(shù)量。
實驗所需試劑:CCK-8,PBS,培養(yǎng)基,胰酶
參考文獻:Wei S, Zhao Q, Zheng K, Liu P, Sha N, Li Y, Ma C, Li J, Zhuo L, Liu G, Liang W, Jiang Y, Chen T, Zhong N. GFAT1-linked TAB1 glutamylation sustains p38 MAPK activation and promotes lung cancer cell survival under glucose starvation. Cell Discov. 2022 Aug 9;8(1):77. doi: 10.1038/s41421-022-00423-0. PMID: 35945223; PMCID: PMC9363421.
圖4.不同人參皂苷Rg2濃度下細(xì)胞的生存率(OD值體現(xiàn))
參考文獻:Xue Q, Yu T, Wang Z, Fu X, Li X, Zou L, Li M, Cho JY, Yang Y. Protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg2 on atherosclerosis. J Ginseng Res. 2023 Mar;47(2):237-245. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.08.001. Epub 2022 Aug 6. PMID: 36926610; PMCID: PMC10014178.
ATP是細(xì)胞內(nèi)最重要的能量分子,可以用來衡量細(xì)胞新陳代謝水平,死亡細(xì)胞或即將死亡的細(xì)胞幾乎不含ATP,ATP與活細(xì)胞數(shù)目具有良好的線性關(guān)系,因此,可通過ATP含量反應(yīng)活細(xì)胞的數(shù)目檢測ATP也可以得到細(xì)胞增殖的信息。利用外源的螢火蟲熒光素(Luciferin)與熒光素酶(Luciferase),以細(xì)胞內(nèi)含的ATP為能量來源,發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生生物冷光,通過化學(xué)發(fā)光信號測定細(xì)胞內(nèi)ATP 含量,從而檢測細(xì)胞活力或定量檢測活細(xì)胞數(shù)目并且具有靈敏度高、線性范圍寬,適合高通量篩選檢測。
實驗所需試劑:ATP細(xì)胞活力檢測,PBS,培養(yǎng)基,胰酶
參考文獻:Zou Y, Chen X, Sun Y, et al. Antibiotics-free nanoparticles eradicate Helicobacter pylori biofilms and intracellular bacteria [published online ahead of print, 2022 Jun 9]. J Control Release. 2022;348:370-385. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.044
圖8 . Na2MoO4誘導(dǎo)卵巢癌細(xì)胞鐵死亡(Na2MoO4 induces ferroptosis of ovarian cancer cells.)
參考文獻:Mao G, Xin D, Wang Q, Lai D. Sodium molybdate inhibits the growth of ovarian cancer cells via inducing both ferroptosis and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;182:79-92. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.023
LDH (乳酸脫氫酶)在胞漿內(nèi)含量豐富,正常時不能通過細(xì)胞膜,當(dāng)細(xì)胞受損傷或死亡時可釋放到細(xì)胞外,釋放出的LDH 在培養(yǎng)基上清中,在乳酸脫氫酶的作用下,NAD+被還原生成NADH,NADH和INT(a tetrazolium salt)被硫辛酰胺脫氫酶(Diaphorase)催化反應(yīng)生成NAD+和紅色的甲臜(Formazan),甲臜的量與裂解的細(xì)胞數(shù)成正比,在490 nm波長下產(chǎn)生吸收峰,從而可以通過比色來定量乳酸脫氫酶的活性。吸光度與乳酸脫氫酶活性成線性正相關(guān)。
實驗所需試劑:乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)細(xì)胞毒性檢測試劑盒,PBS,培養(yǎng)基,胰酶
圖11.由NS1靶向單克隆抗體介導(dǎo)的ADCC活動。乳酸的釋放測量脫氫酶(LDH)作為靶細(xì)胞裂解和細(xì)胞死亡的替代標(biāo)記物(ADCC activity mediated by NS1-targeted MAbs. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured as a surrogate marker for target cell lysis and cell death.)
參考文獻:Yu L, Liu X, Ye X, et al. Monoclonal Antibodies against Zika Virus NS1 Protein Confer Protection via Fcγ Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. mBio. 2021;12(1):e03179-20. Published 2021 Feb 9. doi:10.1128/mBio.03179-20(IF:7.867)
圖12.EDB-FN CAR-T細(xì)胞在與U-87 MG細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)2-24小時,(E:T)為5。使用以下方法測定細(xì)胞裂解LDH測定。(EDB-FN CAR-T-cells cocultured with U-87 MG cells at (E:T) 5 for 2–24 h. Cell lysis was determined using an LDH assay. Data are representative of three independent experiments. Datapoints reflect the mean ± SD of triplicates e.)
參考文獻:Zhang Z, Liu C, Yang Z, Yin H. CAR-T-Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors Positive for Fibronectin Extra Domain B. Cells. 2022;11(18):2863. Published 2022 Sep 14. doi:10.3390/cells11182863 (IF:7.666)
圖13.細(xì)胞毒性測定,通過LDH釋放測定評估RAW 264.7細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的LLC細(xì)胞殺傷(Cytotoxicity assay to assess the RAW 264.7 cell-mediated killing of LLC cells by LDH release assay)
參考文獻:Pan M, Wang F, Nan L, et al. αVEGFR2-MICA fusion antibodies enhance immunotherapy effect and synergize with PD-1 blockade [published online ahead of print, 2022 Oct 13]. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2022;10.1007/s00262-022-03306-1. doi:10.1007/s00262-022-03306-1(IF:6.630)
磺酰羅丹明(Sulforhodamine B,SRB)是一種水溶性蛋白染料,能與細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白堿性氨基酸結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,其結(jié)合于細(xì)胞中總蛋白量的多少可以反映細(xì)胞數(shù)的多少。在515nm波長處測得的吸光值與細(xì)胞數(shù)呈良好的線性關(guān)系。
實驗所需試劑:磺酰羅丹明細(xì)胞增殖/毒性檢測試劑盒,PBS,培養(yǎng)基,胰酶,4%多聚甲醛
圖15.所有化合物都在五種不同的癌細(xì)胞系上進行了測試,即FaDu(咽癌)、A2780(卵巢癌)、HT29(結(jié)腸癌)、A375(惡性黑色素瘤)、SW1736(甲狀腺癌)和NIH-3T3(非惡性小鼠成纖維細(xì)胞)進行比較。其中4個化合物(2,9,16和26)表現(xiàn)出良好的細(xì)胞毒活性,IC50值在2.1 - 14.3 μ M之間。這些化合物對A2780細(xì)胞的IC50值分別為2.8、3.8、2.1和2.9µM。(All compounds were tested on five different cancer cell lines, namely FaDu (pharynx carcinoma), A2780 (ovarian carcinoma), HT29 (colon adenocarcinoma), A375 (malignant melanoma), SW1736 (thyroid carcinoma) and non-malignant mouse fibroblast NIH-3T3 for comparison. Four of these compounds (2, 9, 16 and 26) showed good cytotoxic activity with acceptable IC50 values ranging between 2.1 and 14.3µM. These compounds exerted their best activity on A2780 cells with IC50 values of 2.8, 3.8, 2.1 and 2.9µM, respectively。)
參考文獻:Moghadam ES, Tehrani MH, Csuk R, Fischer L, Faramarzi MA, Rashidi A, Javadi I, Amini M. 2,4-Disubstituted Quinazoline Derivatives Act as Inducers of Tubulin Polymerization: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2019;19(8):1048-1057. doi: 10.2174/1871520619666190314125254. PMID: 30868963.
圖16.JR6對EJ細(xì)胞增殖的影響。在96孔板中,每孔培養(yǎng)7000個細(xì)胞,暴露于不同濃度的JR6和阿霉素(Dox)下,并孵育48小時。(Effect of JR6 on proliferation of EJ cells. Cells were cultured at 7000 cells per well in 96-well plates, exposed to different concentrations of JR6 and Doxorubicin (Dox) and incubated for 48 h.)
參考文獻:He XL, Zhang P, Dong XZ, Yang MH, Chen SL, Bi MG. JR6, a new compound isolated from Justicia procumbens, induces apoptosis in human bladder cancer EJ cells through caspase-dependent pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Nov 21;144(2):284-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.010. Epub 2012 Sep 15. PMID: 22985636.
表1.化學(xué)發(fā)光法細(xì)胞增殖/毒性檢測快速選擇表