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      細胞增殖檢測方法大全(下)——熒光染料法

      細胞增殖是生物體生長、發(fā)育、繁殖和遺傳的基礎(chǔ),是生物體的重要生命特征。細胞通常以分裂的方式進行增殖。細胞毒性(cytotoxic)是由細胞或化學(xué)物質(zhì)引起的單純細胞殺傷事件,不依賴于凋亡或壞死的細胞死亡機理。

      根據(jù)您實驗室現(xiàn)有的實驗條件,可選擇使用多功能酶標(biāo)儀的化學(xué)發(fā)光發(fā)檢測,也可選擇利用熒光顯微鏡或者流式細胞儀的檢測。最常見的細胞增殖和毒性的檢測方法有以下幾種:

      圖1.細胞增殖/毒性檢測的常見方法

       

      上次,我們已經(jīng)介紹了4種檢測方法(細胞增殖/毒性檢測方法大全(上)——化學(xué)發(fā)光法檢測)。這次來聊聊其他檢測方法。其中,熒光檢測一般采用細胞外標(biāo)記染料(如CFSE、BrdU和EdU)或內(nèi)源性蛋白(如Ki-67)作為指示物,通過熒光顯微鏡或流式細胞術(shù)進行檢測。而流式檢測則是將染有不同細胞表面標(biāo)記的細胞樣本經(jīng)過熒光激發(fā)后在流式細胞儀中分析,通過對熒光信號的定量測量來確定不同分子標(biāo)志物在不同時間點和條件下的表達和變化。兩種檢測方法都可以用于細胞增殖、表觀遺傳學(xué)和細胞周期等方面的研究。
      01

      DNA合成檢測

      原理解讀

      Brdu:5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶核苷,為胸腺嘧啶的衍生物(類似物),BrdU可代替胸腺嘧啶,隨著DNA復(fù)制進入子細胞,因此在加入BrdU后分裂增殖的細胞DNA都會帶有BrdU標(biāo)記,可用于標(biāo)記活細胞中新合成的DNA(細胞活性周期S期)。通過抗BrdU單克隆抗體檢測,借此檢測細胞的增殖能力,但BrdU單克隆抗體檢測過程需要將部分DNA變性,使部分雙股解開成單股才能順利檢測。且BrdU為光敏性,因此需要在光線刺激較低(黑暗)的環(huán)境下操作,并避光培養(yǎng)。
       
      EdU原理跟BrdU檢測法類似,都是代替胸腺嘧啶(Thymine, T)滲入正在復(fù)制的DNA中,并加入能與Edu反應(yīng)的熒光染料,即可利用檢測熒光值偵測應(yīng)用于細胞增殖,或在細胞組織級別作為標(biāo)記追蹤等研究,實驗過程不需要經(jīng)過BrdU檢測法的DNA變性處理。
      圖2.EdU檢測原理

       

      實驗操作

      BrdU實驗所需試劑:
      主要試劑:BrdU染料,BrdU單抗(一抗),PBS,免疫組化相關(guān)試劑等(多聚甲醛,過氧化氫,封閉血清等)
      實驗流程:
      圖3.BrdU操作流程
      EDU實驗所需試劑:
      主要試劑:EDU染色試劑盒,BSA,PBS,多聚甲醛等
      實驗流程:
      圖4.EdU操作流程

       

      實驗結(jié)果

      • 熒光圖片結(jié)果:
      圖5.野生型和pld6−/-增殖細胞的EdU染色青少年性腺。用抗血管免疫組化染色法標(biāo)記生殖細胞。N表示被分析的個體數(shù)。比例尺:100 μm(EdU staining of proliferating cells in wildtype and pld6−/-juvenile gonads. The germ cells were marked by anti-vasa immunostaining. N represents analyzed individual number. Scale bar: 100 μm)
       

      參考文獻:Zhang R, Tu YX, Ye D, Gu Z, Chen ZX, Sun Y. A Germline-Specific Regulator of Mitochondrial Fusion is Required for Maintenance and Differentiation of Germline Stem and Progenitor Cells [published online ahead of print, 2022 Oct 18]. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;e2203631. doi:10.1002/advs.202203631(IF:17.521)

       
      圖6.AADAC促進CRC增殖和肝臟定植。A AADAC蛋白在sh-AADAC HCT116細胞和ADOE SW480細胞中的表達。B sh-AADAC和ADOE細胞的增殖能力。C sh-AADAC和ADOE細胞的集落形成能力。D代表熒光sh-AADAC和ADOE細胞中EdU染色的圖像和相對定量。(AADAC promotes CRC proliferation and liver colonization. A Protein expression of AADAC in sh-AADAC HCT116 cells and ADOE SW480 cells. B The proliferation ability of sh-AADAC and ADOE cells. C The colony formation ability of sh-AADAC and ADOE cells. D Representative fuorescent images and relative quantifcation of EdU staining in sh-AADAC and ADOE cells.)

       

      參考文獻:Sun R, Lin Z, Wang X, et al. AADAC protects colorectal cancer liver colonization from ferroptosis through SLC7A11-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation [published correction appears in J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Oct 25;41(1):313]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022;41(1):284. Published 2022 Sep 26. doi:10.1186/s13046-022-02493-0(IF:12.658)

       
      • 流式圖片結(jié)果:
      圖7.NIH/3T3在生物打印結(jié)構(gòu)中的細胞增殖和活力表現(xiàn)。(A) TSHSP水凝膠結(jié)構(gòu)和GEL-ALG結(jié)構(gòu)(Alamar藍法)中細胞增殖譜的比較(B) TSHSP水凝膠結(jié)構(gòu)和GEL-ALG中DNA復(fù)制的比較構(gòu)造(i) (EdU摻入試驗),上述兩個構(gòu)造在第9天和第29天DNA復(fù)制的細胞術(shù)(ii-v)( Cell proliferation and viability performance of NIH/3T3 in bioprinted constructs. (A) Comparison of cell proliferation profiles in TSHSP hydrogel constructs and GEL-ALG constructs (Alamar Blue assay) (n = 3, error bars, mean ± SD). (B) Comparison of DNA replication in TSHSP hydrogel constructs and GEL-ALG constructs (i) (EdU incorporation assay) (n = 3, error bars, mean ± SD), cytometry plots of DNA replication in the above two constructs on day 9 and 29 (ii-v))

       

      參考文獻:Chen H, Fei F, Li X, et al. A structure-supporting, self-healing, and high permeating hydrogel bioink for establishment of diverse homogeneous tissue-like constructs. Bioact Mater. 2021;6(10):3580-3595. Published 2021 Mar 23. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.019(IF:14.593)

       

      DNA合成檢測更多詳細信息請參考專題:EdU系列熒光檢測產(chǎn)品
       

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      Yefluor 647 EdU 細胞流式試驗試劑盒(遠紅外色熒光)

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      02

      細胞增殖熒光染色

      表2.細胞增殖熒光染料選擇推薦表

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      產(chǎn)品名稱

      Ex/Em nm

      染色部位

      應(yīng)用

      40757ES25

      DiR Iodide (DiIC18(7))
      細胞膜深紅色熒光探針

      748/780

      細胞膜染色,深紅色熒光

      活細胞染色,體內(nèi)成像或示蹤實驗,外泌體染色

      40725ES10/25

      DiO(DiOC18(3))
      細胞膜綠色熒光探針

      484/501

      細胞膜染色,綠色熒光

      活細胞染色,體內(nèi)成蜃

      40758ES25

      DiD Perchlorate(DiIC18(5))
      細胞膜紅色熒光探針

      644/663

      細胞膜染色,紅色熒光

      外泌體染色,活細胞染色,自帶其他熒光的細胞或組織染色

      40718ES50/60/72

      Celltracker CM-DiI
       活細胞示蹤劑CM-DiI(紅色)

      553/570

      細胞膜染色,紅色熒光

      活體動物染色,細胞染色

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      CFDA SE Cell Proliferation and Cell Tracking Kit
      細胞增殖與示蹤檢測試劑盒

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      細胞漿染色,綠色熒光

      細胞增殖群落分析,體內(nèi)增殖研究

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      活細胞示蹤劑CMFDA(綠色)

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      細胞漿染色,綠色熒光

      細胞增殖,細胞間融合,細胞粘附及多藥耐藥轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的研究,病原菌標(biāo)記

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      Calcein-AM/PI Double Stain Kit
      Calcein-AM/PI活細胞/死細胞雙染試劑盒

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      Calcein-AM:活細胞漿染色,發(fā)綠色熒光;P1:死細胞核染色,紅色熒光

      活細胞/死細胞染色

      40711ES10/60

      PI(Propidium Iodide)
      碘化丙啶

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      細胞核內(nèi)DNA

      死細胞染色

      40745ES64

      7-AAD Viability Staining Solution
      7-AAD細胞活力染色液

      546/647

      細胞核內(nèi)DNA

      壞死或晚期凋亡細胞染色

      40202ES60/76/80/92

      Alamar Blue 阿爾瑪藍

      560/590

      在氧化狀態(tài)下呈現(xiàn)紫藍色無熒光性,而在細胞增殖旺盛期,還原狀態(tài)下,轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌史奂t或紅色熒光的還原產(chǎn)物

      動物、真菌和細菌細胞的增殖情況

       

      CFDA,SE染料檢測細胞增殖與示蹤

      圖8.CFSE法測定不同培養(yǎng)組T細胞3天內(nèi)細胞增殖代數(shù)的直方圖(Histogram of generations of T cells  in different culturing groups measured by the CFSE assay in 3 days)

       

      參考文獻:Deng, Luchan et al. “Chlorzoxazone, a small molecule drug, augments immunosuppressive capacity of mesenchymal stem cells via modulation of FOXO3 phosphorylation.” Cell death & disease vol. 11,3 158. 2 Mar. 2020, doi:10.1038/s41419-020-2357-8

       

      DiR染料標(biāo)記腫瘤細胞后,注射腫瘤細胞進入動物體內(nèi),活體成像

      圖9.miR497/TP-HENPs在體內(nèi)的靶向性和抗腫瘤活性A體內(nèi)成像觀察腫瘤靶向能力的不同納米粒子。B小鼠皮下SKOV3-CDDP腫瘤主要器官和腫瘤的離體熒光圖像。C通過(A)中測量的熒光強度,定量分析注射后腫瘤部位DiR分布主要器官和孤立的皮下腫瘤的平均熒光強度評估。(The targeting and antitumor activity of miR497/TP-HENPs in vivo. A In vivo imaging to observe the tumor targeting ability of diferent nanoparticles. B Ex vivo fuorescence images of the main organs and tumors isolated from mice bearing subcutaneous SKOV3-CDDP tumors. C Quantitative analysis of DiR distribution in the tumor site postinjection elevated by the fuorescence intensity measured in (A). D Quantitative assessment of the mean fuorescence intensity in major organs and isolated subcutaneous tumors.)

       

      參考文獻:Li L, He D, Guo Q, et al. Exosome-liposome hybrid nanoparticle codelivery of TP and miR497 conspicuously overcomes chemoresistant ovarian cancer. J Nanobiotechnology. 2022;20(1):50. Published 2022 Jan 25. doi:10.1186/s12951-022-01264-5(IF:10.435)

       

      DiR染料標(biāo)記外泌體后,注射外泌體進入動物體內(nèi),活體成像

      圖10.外泌體和GEM的體內(nèi)生物分布。(A)靜脈注射給Panc-1異種移植小鼠的DiR標(biāo)記外泌體的體內(nèi)生物分布。(B)在體內(nèi)DiR@PEG-PE在Panc-1異種移植小鼠體內(nèi)的生物分布。(C) Panc-1異種移植小鼠主要器官和腫瘤的離體圖像靜脈注射DiR標(biāo)記的外泌體。(D)靜脈注射DiR@PEG-PE后Panc-1異種移植小鼠的主要器官和腫瘤的離體圖像。(In vivo biodistribution of exosome and GEM. (A) In vivo biodistribution of DiR-labeled exosomes intravenously administered to Panc-1 xenograft mice. (B) In vivo biodistribution of DiR@PEG-PE intravenously administered to Panc-1 xenograft mice. (C) Ex vivo images of major organs and tumors from Panc-1 xenograft mice after intravenous injection of DiR-labeled exosomes. (D) Ex vivo images of major organs and tumors from Panc-1 xenograft mice after intravenous injection of DiR@PEG-PE)
       

      Calcein-AM/PI活細胞/死細胞染色

      圖11.不同纖維膜上培養(yǎng)成纖維細胞的活/死熒光圖像。比例尺,100 μm (Live/dead fluorescence images of fibroblasts cultured on different groups of fiber membranes. Scale bar, 100 μm)
       

      參考文獻:Zhang W, Xia S, Weng T, et al. Antibacterial coaxial hydro-membranes accelerate diabetic wound healing by tuning surface immunomodulatory functions. Mater Today Bio. 2022;16:100395. Published 2022 Aug 13. doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100395(IF:10.761)

       

      阿爾瑪藍染色

      圖12.用阿拉瑪藍法評估細菌存活率(Survival rate of bacteria assessed by alamar blue assay)

       

      參考文獻:Yin H, Zhou M, Chen X, et al. Fructose-coated Ångstrom silver prevents sepsis by killing bacteria and attenuating bacterial toxin-induced injuries. Theranostics. 2021;11(17):8152-8171. Published 2021 Jul 13. doi:10.7150/thno.55334(IF:11.556)

       
      圖13.(I)sgctrl和MDM2 KO BEAS-2B細胞MDM2的表達水平(肺上皮細胞系)。(J)用Alamar藍法測定BEAS-2B細胞sgctrl和MDM2 KO克隆的細胞活力。(K) sgctrl和MDM2 KO BEAS-2B細胞的集落形成分析((I) Expression levels of MDM2 of sgctrl and MDM2 KO BEAS-2B cells (lung epithelial cell line). (J) Alamar Blue assays were performed to determine the cell viability of sgctrl and MDM2 KO clones of BEAS-2B cells.(K) Colony formation assays of sgctrl and MDM2 KO BEAS-2B cells)

       

      參考文獻:Wang Q, Li J, Zhu J, et al. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening for therapeutic targets in NSCLC carrying wild-type TP53 and receptor tyrosine kinase genes. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(6):e882. doi:10.1002/ctm2.882(IF:11.492)

       

      03

      其他細胞染色

      染色原理

      臺盼藍(Trypan Blue)染色,一種偶氮、親水性酸性藍色染料,可透過死亡細胞和垂死細胞的細胞膜,將其染成藍色,而活細胞由于其細胞膜的完整性,可將臺盼藍排斥在外,因此,通過顏色的變化即可將活細胞(活細胞呈透明無色)和死細胞鑒別開來。
      圖14.EGFR-TKI固有耐藥EGFR激活突變型肺癌細胞對鐵沉誘導(dǎo)物更敏感。(A-B)臺盼藍染色 (C-F) CCK-8測定 (EGFR-TKI intrinsic drug-resistant EGFR activating mutant lung cancer cells are more sensitive to ferroptosis inducers. (A-B)trypan blue staining (C-F) CCK-8 assay)

       

      參考文獻:Zhang T, Sun B, Zhong C, et al. Targeting histone deacetylase enhances the therapeutic effect of Erastin-induced ferroptosis in EGFR-activating mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2021;10(4):1857-1872. doi:10.21037/tlcr-21-303(IF:6.498)
       

       

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